https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2022.1045
Post-traumatic stress in people from the interior drylands of the Maule region, Chile in the context of climate change
Submitted: 6 September 2021
Accepted: 1 December 2021
Published: 18 May 2022
Accepted: 1 December 2021
Abstract Views: 1430
PDF: 653
HTML: 35
HTML: 35
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Progressive changes in local environmental scenarios, accelerated by global climate change, can negatively affect the mental health of people who inhabit these areas. The magnitude of these effects may vary depending on the socioeconomic conditions of people and the characteristics of the environment, so certain territories can be more vulnerable than others. In this context, the present study aimed to geographically analyse the levels of psychosocial impact and the types of disruptive responses related to the new territorial scenarios caused by climate change in the coastal drylands of the Maule region, Chile. For this purpose, 223 people from two communes (Curepto and Pencahue) were psychosocially evaluated for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) together with a survey of the prevailing sociodemographic and socioeconomic conditions in relation to the environmental variables of the territory. All information was georeferenced, stored within an ArcGIS Desktop geographic information system (GIS) and then investigated by application of contingency tables, ANOVA and local clustering analysis using SSP statistical software. The results indicated a high level of PTSD in the population, with significant differences related to age and education as well as employment conditions and income. The spatial results showed high PTSD values in the communal capital of Curepto in the central agricultural valley near the estuary of the local river, while the existence of coldspots was observed in the central valley of the Pencahue commune. It was concluded that proximity to population centres and surface water sources played the greatest role for the development of PTSD.
Abeldaño RA, Fernández R, Estario JC, Enders JE, 2013. Distribución espacial de los trastornos de estrés postraumático en Chile a partir del terremoto del 27-F. Rev Salud Pública 17:40-6.
Baechler J, Vargas J, Parraguez C, Mattehey M, Araneda M, Aravena S, Atán J, Carvajal I, Bustamante J, 2012. Estudio hidrogeológico cuenca del Río Mataquito. Santiago de Chile. Available from: https://snia.mop.gob.cl/sad/SUB5410v1.pdf
Berry HL, Bowen K, Kjellstrom T, 2010. Climate change and mental health: A causal pathways framework. Int J Public Health 55:123-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-0112-0
Berry HL, Welsh JA, 2010. Social capital and health in Australia: An overview from the household, income and labour dynamics in Australia survey. Soc Sci Med 70:588-96.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.012
Bostrom A, Hayes A, Crosman K, 2019. Efficacy, Action, and Support for Reducing Climate Change Risks. Risk Analysis 39:805-28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13210
Centro de ciencia del clima y la Resiliencia, 2015. Informe a la Nación: la megasequía 2010-2015, una lección para el futuro. Centro de ciencia del clima y la resiliencia (CR)2, Santiago de Chile. Available from: www.cr2.cl/megasequia
Cohen JR, Adams ZW, Menon SV, Youngstrom EA, Bunnell BE, Acierno R, Danielson CK, 2016. How should we screen for depression following a natural disaster? An ROC approach to post-disaster screening in adolescents and adults. Core.ac.uk 15:102-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.034
Crowley TJ, 2000. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science 289:270-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5477.270
Cutter SL, Finch C, 2008. Temporal and spatial changes in social vulnerability to natural hazards. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Natl Acad Sci 105:2301-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0710375105
Dai W, Chen L, Tan H, Wang J, Lai Z, Kaminga AC, Li Y, Liu A, 2016. Association between social support and recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder after flood: A 13-14 year follow-up study in Hunan, China Chronic Disease epidemiology. BMC Public Health 16:1-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2871-x
Díaz-Hormazábal I, González M, 2016. Análisis espacio-temporal de incendios forestales en la región del Maule, Chile Spatio-temporal analyses of wildfires in the region of Maule, Chile. Bosque 37:147-58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002016000100014
DMC, 2008. Guía Climática Práctica. Santiago de Chile. Available from: https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl
DMC, 2020. Anuario Meteorológico 2019. Santiago de Chile. Available from: https://climatologia.meteochile.gob.cl/application/publicaciones/anuario/2019
Doherty TJ, Clayton S, 2011. The psychological impacts of global climate change. Am Psychol 66(4).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023141
García FE, Reyes A, Cova F, 2014. Severidad del trauma, optimismo, crecimiento postraumático y bienestar en sobrevivientes de un desastre natural. Univers Psychol 13:573-84.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-2.stop
Garreaud RD, Alvarez-Garreton C, Barichivich J, Boisier JP, Christie D, Galleguillos M, Lequesne C, Mcphee J, Zambrano-Bigiarini M, 2017. The 2010-2015 megadrought in central Chile: impacts on regional hydroclimate and vegetation. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 21:6307-27.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-6307-2017
Garreaud RD, Boisier JP, Rondanelli R, Montecinos A, Sepúlveda HH, Veloso-Aguila D, 2020. The Central Chile Mega Drought (2010-2018): A climate dynamics perspective. Int J Climatology 40:421-39.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6219
González ME, Gómez-González S, Lara A, Garreaud R, Díaz-Hormazábal I, 2018. The 2010-2015 Megadrought and its influence on the fire regime in central and south-central Chile. Ecosphere 9(8).
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2300
Guy S, Kashima Y, Walker I, Neill SO, 2014. Special issue article: the social psychology of climate change. Investigating the effects of knowledge and ideology on climate change beliefs. Eur J Social Psychol 429:421-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2039
Hayes K, Berry P, Ebi K, 2019. Factors influencing the mental health consequences of climate change in Canada. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:1583.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091583
Heid A, Pruchno R, Cartwright F, 2016. Exposure to Hurricane Sandy, neighborhood collective efficacy, and post-traumatic stress symptoms in older adults. Routledge 21:742-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1154016
Hobfoll S, 2014. Resource caravans and resource caravan passageways: a new paradigm for trauma responding. Intervention 12:21-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/WTF.0000000000000067
Ilustre Municipalidad de Pencahue, 2019. PLADECO Ilustre Comuna de Pencahue 2019-2026. Curepto. Available from: https://www.mpencahue.cl/transparencia/TA-2019/PLADECO/PLADECO-19-26.pdf
Lacroix K, Gifford R, 2018. Psychological barriers to energy conservation behavior: the role of worldviews and climate change risk perception. Environ Behavior 50:723-48.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916517715296
Lawson A, Biggeri A, Boehning D, Lesaffre E, Viel J, Clark A, Schlattmann F, Divino F, 2000. Disease mapping models: an empirical evaluation. Stat Med 19:2217-41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0258(20000915/30)19:17/18<2217::AID-SIM565>3.0.CO;2-E
Leiva-Bianchi M, Mena C, Ormazábal Y, Serrano C, Rojas P, 2020. Changes in geographic clustering of post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth seven years after an earthquake in Cauquenes, Chile. Geospat Health 15:236-43.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2020.886
Leiva-Bianchi M, Mena C, Ormazábal Y, Serrano C, 2019. Spatial grouping of people with memories and responses six years after an earthquake in Cauquenes, Chile. Geospat Health 14:789.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2019.789
Leiva-Bianchi M, Arellano C, Pardo E, Ahumada F, Amaya I, Antúnez S, Cáceres C, Salinas M, Serrano C, 2019. Diseño y validación de una escala de impacto psicosocial de los desastres (SPSI-D). Rev Sociol 34:21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-529X.2019.53141
Leiva-Bianchi M, Gallardo I, 2013. Validación de la escala breve para diagnosticar estrés post-traumático (SPRINT-E) en una muestra de personas afectadas por el terremoto y tsunami del 27. Anal Psicol 29:328-34.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.2.130681
Lema F, 2021. Análisis del impacto del cambio climático sobre los recursos hídricos de cuencas en régimen natural ubicadas en la zona alta del río Mataquito: comparación entre los escenarios RCP 8.5 y RCP 4.5. Available from: http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/181333
Lería F, Salgado J, 2016. Estrés post-traumático y estrés subjetivo en estudiantes universitarios tras aluvión de barro. Ciencias Psicol 10:129-41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v10i2.1250
Van der Linden S, Maibach E, Leiserowitz A, 2015. Improving public engagement with climate change: five “best practice” insights from psychological science. Perspect Psychol Sci 10:758-63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615598516
Mambet C, Navarro O, Restrepo D, Krien N, Rommel D, Lemee C, Coquet M, Mercier D, Fleury-Bahi G, 2020. The social representations of climate change: comparison of two territories exposed to the coastal flooding risk. Int J Climate Change Strat Manage 12:389-406.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-11-2019-0064
Mares D, 2013. Climate change and crime: Monthly temperature and precipitation anomalies and crime rates in St. Louis, MO 1990-2009. Crime Law Social Change 59:185-208.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9411-8
MOP, 2011. Decreto MOP 161. Available from: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=259667
MOP, 2014. Decreto MOP N°155. Available from: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1063488
MOP, 2018. Decreto MOP N°95. Available from: https://dga.mop.gob.cl/administracionrecursoshidricos/decretosZonasEscasez/Documents/Decreto_Escasez_N95_Maule.pdf
MOP, 2019. Decreto MOP N°102. Available from: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?i=1137766
MOP, 2020. Decreto MOP N°33. Available from: https://www.bcn.cl/leychile/navegar?idNorma=1144052
Moussa A, Amadou Z, Danbaky AB, 2016. Evaluating farmers’ adaptation strategies to climate change: A case study of Kaou local government area, Tahoua State, Niger Republic. Jamba J Disaster Risk Stud 8:1-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v8i3.241
Mugambiwa SS, Dzomonda O, 2018. Climate change and vulnerability discourse by students at a South African university. Jamba J Disaster Risk Stud 10:1-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v10i1.476
Norris FH, Hamblen JL, Brown LM, Schinka JA, 2008. Validation of the Short Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Rating Interview (expanded version, Sprint-E) as a measure of postdisaster distress and treatment need. Am J Disaster Med 3:201-12.
Ojala M, 2015. Climate change skepticism among adolescents. J Youth Stud 18:1135-53.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1020927
Pardo A, Ruiz MA, 2005. Análisis de datos con SPSS 13 Base. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Paul LA, Price M, Gros DF, Gros KS, Mccauley JL, Resnick HS, Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ, 2014. The associations between loss and posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms following Hurricane Ike. J Clin Psychol 70:322-32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22026
Peña H, 2018. Agua, producción de alimentos y energía; La experiencia del Nexo en Chile. Available from: https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/44312/1/S1801062_es.pdf
Pietrzak R, Tracy M, Galea S, Kilpatrick D, 2012. Resilience in the Face of Disaster: Prevalence and Longitudinal Course of Mental. PLoS One 8:1-14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038964
Piya L, Maharjan K, Joshi N, 2013. Determinants of adaptation practices to climate change by Chepang households in the rural Mid-Hills of Nepal. Regional Environ Change 13:437-47.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0359-5
Rosellini AJ, Coffey SF, Tracy M, Galea S, 2014. A person-centered analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following a natural disaster: Predictors of latent class membership. J Anxiety Disord 28:16-24.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.002
Sacchi S, Riva P, Aceto A, 2016. Myopic about climate change: Cognitive style, psychological distance, and environmentalism. J Exper Social Psychol 65:68-73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.03.006
Sandoval-Díaz J, Cuadra-Martínez D, 2020. Vulnerabilidad social, severidad subjetiva y crecimiento postraumático en grupos afectados por un desastre climatológico. Rev Psicol 29:42-56.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2020.58002
Secretaría de Planificación Municipal Ilustre Municipalidad de Curepto, 2018. PLADECO Ilustre Comuna de Curepto 2018-2022. Curepto. Available from: http://www.curepto.cl/web/index.php?action=plantillas_generar_archivo&ig=366&m=3&a=2019&ia=30439
Swim J, Howard G, Clayton S, Reser J, Doherty T, Stern P, Gifford R, Weber E, 2009. Psychology & Global Climate Change addressing a multifaceted phenomenon and set of challenges. Report of the American Psychological Association Task Force on the Interface Between Psychology and Global Climate Change. Available from: https://www.apa.org/science/about/publications/climate-change-booklet.pdf
Swim J, Stern PC, Doherty TJ, Clayton S, Reser JP, Weber EU, Gifford R, Howard GS, 2011. Psychology’s contributions to understanding and addressing global climate change. Am Psychol 66:241-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023220
Tapia F, 2019. Regulación de la sequía en Chile: análisis normativo de la declaración de escasez. Rev Derecho Admin Econ 29:117-38.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7764/redae.29.5
Welton M, Vélez CM, Murphy CB, Rosario Z, Torres H, Russell E, Brown P, Huerta-Montanez G, Watkins D, Meeker JD, Alshawabkeh A, Cordero JF, 2020. Impact of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on Puerto Rico Maternal and Child Health Research Programs. Mater Child Health J 24:22-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-019-02824-2
Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B, 2016. Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation. Environ Int 86:14-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007
How to Cite
Cáceres, C., Leiva-Bianchi, M., Ormazábal, Y., Mena, C., & Cantillana, J. C. (2022). Post-traumatic stress in people from the interior drylands of the Maule region, Chile in the context of climate change. Geospatial Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2022.1045
Copyright (c) 2022 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
