https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2021.911
A qualitative geographical information system interpretation of mobility and COVID-19 pandemic intersection in Uttar Pradesh, India
Submitted: 23 June 2020
Accepted: 5 February 2021
Published: 11 March 2021
Accepted: 5 February 2021
Abstract Views: 2498
PDF: 822
HTML: 51
HTML: 51
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Mobility of individuals and their physical social networks are the root causes for the spread of current coronavirus pandemic. We propose here a method of visualizing the spatial and chronological aspects of the spread of this virus based on geographical information systems (GIS) and Gephi graphs. For this approach we used qualitative data from newspaper reports and prepared layouts varying from macro to micro scales that show that this approach can enrich traditional GIS approaches, thereby assisting mobility planners and policymakers.
Agarawal N, 2020. Coronavirus update: 4 new cases reported, India now has 43 COVID-19 patients. LiveMint; 9 March. Available from: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-update-two-new-cases-from-kerala-agra-take-total-number-to-41-11583727824797.html Accessed: 1 June 2020.
Andris C, 2016. Integrating social network data into GISystems. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 30:2009-31.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2016.1153103
BBC, 2020. China launches coronavirus ‘close contact detector’ app, Technology. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51439401 Accessed: 4 June 2020.
Bhatia I, 2020. 4 contacts of COVID-19 positive B’shahr man with no travel history also infected, 50 quarantined in Meerut. The Times of India; 29 March. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/4-contacts-of-COVID-19-positive-bshahr-man-with-no-travel-history-also-infected-50-quarantined-in-meerut/articleshow/74868713.cms
Brody H, 2003. Cholera, chloroform, and the science of medicine: a life of John Snow. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 140.
Buckee CO, Balsari S, Chan J, Crosas M, Dominici F, Gasser U, Grad JH, Grenfell B, Halloran ME, Kraemer MUG, Lipsitch M, Metcalf CJE, Meyers LA, Perkins TA, Santillana M, Scarpino SV, Viboud C, Wesolowski A, Schroeder A, 2020. Aggregated mobility data could help fight COVID-19. Science 368:145-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8021
Center for Systems Science and Engineering, 2020. COVID-19 dashboard; Johns Hopkins University. Available from: https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6 Accessed: 2 June 2020.
Chaturvedi A, 2020. Chandauli records first COVID-19 case, all 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh now affected by coronavirus. Hindustan Times; 14 May. Available from: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandauli-records-first-COVID-19-cases-all-75-districts-of-uttar-pradesh-now-affected-by-coronavirus/story-Xoj1TVEqE1gxsDV5CwbpjN.html Accessed: 1 June 2020.
Chen H, Huang X, Li Z, 2020a. A content analysis of Chinese news coverage on COVID-19 and tourism. Curr Issues Tour 0:1-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1763269
Chen S, Yang J, Yang W, Wang C, Bärnighausen T, 2020b. COVID-19 control in China during mass population movements at New Year. Lancet 395:764-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30421-9
Cherven K, 2013. Network graph analysis and visualization with Gephi : visualize and analyze your data swiftly using dynamic network graphs built with Gephi, Packt, 98 pp. Available from: https://www.packtpub.com/product/network-graph-analysis-and-visualization-with-gephi/9781783280131
Cope M, Elwood S, 2009. Qualitative GIS. Sage, New York, NY, USA, pp. 86.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857024541
Dennis SF, 2006. Prospects for qualitative GIS at the Intersection of youth development and participatory urban planning. Environ Plan A Econ Sp 38:2039-54.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a3861
De Vos J, 2020. The effect of COVID-19 and subsequent social distancing on travel behavior. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect 5:100121
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100121
Egiebor EE, Foster EJ, 2019. Students’ perceptions of their engagement using GIS-story maps. J Geog 118:51-65.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2018.1515975
ESRI, 2019. ArcGIS StoryMaps. Available from: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/ Accessed: 2 June 2020.
ESRI, 2020. Use proximity tracing to identify possible contact events; COVID-19 overview. Available from: https://coronavirus-resources.esri.com/datasets/use-proximity-tracing-to-identify-possible-contact-events Accessed: 4 June 2020.
Fruchterman TMJ, Reingold EM, 1991. Graph drawing by forceâ€directed placement. Soft Pract Exp 21:1129-64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/spe.4380211102
Gao S, Gao S, Rao J, Kang Y, Liang Y, Kruse J, 2020. Mapping county-level mobility pattern changes in the United States in response to COVID-19. SigSpatial Spec 12:16-26. d
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3404111.3404115
Gao S, Mioc D, Anton F, Yi X, Coleman DJ, 2008. Online GIS services for mapping and sharing disease information. Int J Health Geogr 7:8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-7-8
Garnett R, Kanaroglou P, 2016. Qualitative GIS: An open framework using spatialite and open source GIS. Trans GIS 20:144-59.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12163
Gephi, 2017. Gephi-makes graph handy: tutorial layouts; GephiBlog. Available from: https://gephi.org/users/tutorial-layouts/ Accessed: 16 June 2020.
Google, 2020. Mobility changes; COVID-19 community mobility report. Available from: https://www.gstatic.com/COVID19/mobility/2020-06-14_IN_Mobility_Report_en-GB.pdf Accessed: 10 June 2020.
Graser A, 2016. Learing QGI. 3rd edn. Packt Publishing. Available from: https://www.packtpub.com/product/learning-qgis-third-edition/9781785880339
de Haas M, Faber R, Hamersma M, 2020. How COVID-19 and the Dutch “intelligent lockdown†change activities, work and travel behaviour: Evidence from longitudinal data in the Netherlands. Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect 6:100150.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100150
HealthMap 2020. Novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV; Boston Children’s Hospital, USA. Available from: https://healthmap.org/wuhan/ Accessed: 9 June 2020.
Hossain N, Househ M, 2016. Using HealthMap to analyse Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Data. Stud Health Technol Inform 226:213-6.
Jacomy A, 2019. GeoLayout. Available from: https://gephi.org/plugins/#/plugin/geolayout-plugin Accessed: 11 June 2020.
Jung JK, 2015. Code clouds: Qualitative geovisualization of geotweets. Can Geogr 59:52-68.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12133
Jung JK, Elwood S, 2010. Extending the qualitative capabilities of GIS: computer-aided qualitative GIS. Trans GIS 14:63-87.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2009.01182.x
Kamel Boulos MN, Geraghty EM, 2020. Geographical tracking and mapping of coronavirus disease COVID-19/severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and associated events around the world: how 21st century GIS technologies are supporting the global fight against outbr. Int J Health Geogr 19:8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-020-00202-8
Kemper R, 2014. Qualitative GIS: a mixed methods approach. J Ecol Anthropol 17:46-48.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5038/2162-4593.17.1.5
Koch T , 2005. Medical mapping: early histories in cartographies of disease: maps, mapping, and medicine. ESRI Press, Redlands, CA, USA.
Livemint, 2020. Coronavirus update: New case reported from Ghaziabad, India now has 30 patients. HT Media; 5 March. Available from: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-update-new-case-reported-from-ghaziabad-india-now-has-30-patients-11583401881606.html Accessed: 11 June 2020.
Monmonier M, 2005. Lying with maps. Stat Sci 20:215-22.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1214/088342305000000241
Mukherjee F, 2019. Exploring cultural geography field course using story maps. J Geogr High Educ 43:201-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03098265.2019.1597031
NCRPB, 2017. NCR constituent areas. Available from: http://ncrpb.nic.in/ncrconstituent.html#:~:text=National%20Capital%20Region%20Planning%20Board&text=Faridabad%2C%20Gurgaon%2C%20Mewat%2C%20Rohtak,and%20Karnal%20(thirteen%20districts).&text=Meerut%2C%20Ghaziabad%2C%20Gautam%20Budh%20Nagar,and%20Muzaffarnagar Accessed: 20 June 2020.
Novović O, Brdar S, M Mesaroš M, Crnojević V, Papadopoulos AN, 2020. Uncovering the relationship between human connectivity dynamics and land use. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 9:140.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9030140
Press Trust of India, 2020a. Coronavirus: Indian-origin doctor from Canada tests positive. Pune Mirror; 12 March. Available from: https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/coronavirus-indian-origin-doctor-from-canada-tests-positive-kept-in-isolation-in-lucknow/articleshow/74592842.cms Accessed: 9 June 2020.
Press Trust of India, 2020b. Eastern UP districts see spurt in coronavirus cases amid migrants return. Deccan Herald; 21 May. Available from: https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/eastern-up-districts-see-spurt-in-coronavirus-cases-amid-migrants-return-840282.html Accessed: 11 June 2020.
Raghunath A, 2020. India’s Coronavirus “patient zero†discharged. The Deccan Herald; 20 February. Available from: https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/indias-coronavirus-patient-zero-discharged-806510.html Accessed: 15 June 2020.
Registrar General and Census Comissioner of India, 2020. Uttar Pradesh population 2011. Available from: https://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/uttar+pradesh.html Accessed: 15 June 2020.
Rushton G, 2003. Public Health, GIS, and Spatial analytic tools. Annu Rev Public Health 24:43-56.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.24.012902.140843
Sharma A, 2019. Air connectivity to Uttar Pradesh up three times in last two years: Yogi Government, Economic Times. Available from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-connectivity-to-uttar-pradesh-up-three-times-in-last-two-years-yogi-government/articleshow/70339896.cms?from=mdr Accessed: 20 June 2020.
Srivastava P, 2020. Varanasi shuts down as infected pharmacist causes surge in COVID cases. The Print; 1 May. Available from: https://theprint.in/india/varanasi-shuts-down-as-infected-pharmacist-doing-home-deliveries-causes-surge-in-COVID-cases/412390/
StoryMap team ESRI, 2020. Mapping the novel coronavirus pandemic, ESRI. Available from: https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/4fdc0d03d3a34aa485de1fb0d2650ee0
Taylor FE, Millington JDA, Jacob E, Malamud BD, Pelling M, 2020. Messy maps: qualitative GIS representations of resilience. Landsc Urban Plan 198:103771.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103771
Teixeira S, 2018. Qualitative Geographic Information Systems (GIS): An untapped research approach for social work. Qual Soc Work 17:9-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325016655203
WHO (World Health Organization), 2020a. WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19; 11 March 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-COVID-19---11-march-2020 Accessed: 11 June 2020.
WHO (World Health Organization), 2020b. WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. Available from: https://COVID19.who.int/ Accessed: 15 June 2020.
Wu JT, Leung K, Leung GM, 2020. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study. Lancet 395:689-97.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9
How to Cite
Tiwari, A., & Aljoufie, M. (2021). A qualitative geographical information system interpretation of mobility and COVID-19 pandemic intersection in Uttar Pradesh, India. Geospatial Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2021.911
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
