https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2020.808
Pathways to urban health and well-being: measuring and modelling of community services in a medium size city
Submitted: 23 August 2019
Accepted: 27 February 2020
Published: 19 June 2020
Accepted: 27 February 2020
Abstract Views: 1278
PDF: 724
Appendix: 117
HTML: 8
Appendix: 117
HTML: 8
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Social and natural capital are fundamental to people's wellbeing, often within the context of local community. Developing communities and linking people together provide benefits in terms of mental well-being, physical activity and other associated health outcomes. The research presented here was carried out in Christchurch - ÅŒtautahi, New Zealand, a city currently re-building, after a series of devastating earthquakes in 2010 and 2011. Poor mental health has been shown to be a significant post-earthquake problem, and social connection has been postulated as part of a solution. By curating a disparate set of community services, activities and facilities, organised into a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) database, we created i) an accessibility analysis of 11 health and well-being services, ii) a mobility scenario analysis focusing on 4 general well-being services and iii) a location-allocation model focusing on 3 primary health care and welfare location optimisation. Our results demonstrate that overall, the majority of neighbourhoods in Christchurch benefit from a high level of accessibility to almost all the services; but with an urban-rural gradient (the further away from the centre, the less services are available, as is expected). The noticeable exception to this trend, is that the more deprived eastern suburbs have poorer accessibility, suggesting social inequity in accessibility. The findings presented here show the potential of optimisation modelling and database curation for urban and community facility planning purposes.
Adeniyi, A.F., Uloko, A.E., Sani-Suleiman, I., 2009. Exercise Capacity in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Preliminary Investigation. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. 12, 175-179–179.
Ala-Hulkko, T., Kotavaara, O., Alahuhta, J., Helle, P., Hjort, J., 2016. Introducing accessibility analysis in mapping cultural ecosystem services. Ecol. Indic. 66, 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.013
Albino, V., Berardi, U., Dangelico, R.M., 2015. Smart Cities: Definitions, Dimensions, Performance, and Initiatives. J. Urban Technol. 22, 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2014.942092
Bagheri, N., Benwell, G.L., Holt, A., 2005. Measuring spatial accessibility to primary health care.
Bagnall, A.-M., South, J., Di Martino, S., Southby, K., Pilkington, G., Mitchell, B., Pennington, A., Corcoran, R., 2018. Places, spaces, people and wellbeing: full review. School of Health and Community Studies, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.
Beere, P., 2016. Creating a Road Network Analysis Layer with Travel Time Estimates using Opensource Data. GeoHealth Laboratory University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Beheshtifar, S., Alimoahmmadi, A., 2015. A multiobjective optimization approach for location-allocation of clinics. Int. Trans. Oper. Res. 22, 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/itor.12088
Camarri, B., Eastwood, P.R., Cecins, N.M., Thompson, P.J., Jenkins, S., 2006. Six minute walk distance in healthy subjects aged 55-75 years. Respir. Med. 100, 658–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.08.003
Carrus, G., Scopelliti, M., Lafortezza, R., Colangelo, G., Ferrini, F., Salbitano, F., Agrimi, M., Portoghesi, L., Semenzato, P., Sanesi, G., 2015. Go greener, feel better? The positive effects of biodiversity on the well-being of individuals visiting urban and peri-urban green areas. Landsc. Urban Plan. 134, 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.022
Cetin, M., 2015. Using GIS analysis to assess urban green space in terms of accessibility: case study in Kutahya. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 22, 420–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2015.1061066
Chen, I.H., Kuo, K.N., Andriacchi, T.P., 1997. The influence of walking speed on mechanical joint power during gait. Gait Posture 6, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(97)00009-X
Chetta, A., Zanini, A., Pisi, G., Aiello, M., Tzani, P., Neri, M., Olivieri, D., 2006. Reference values for the 6-min walk test in healthy subjects 20-50 years old. Respir. Med. 100, 1573–1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.01.001
Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., de Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P., van den Belt, M., 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0
Costanza, R., Fisher, B., Ali, S., Beer, C., Bond, L., Boumans, R., Danigelis, N.L., Dickinson, J., Elliott, C., Farley, J., Gayer, D.E., Glenn, L.M., Hudspeth, T., Mahoney, D., McCahill, L., McIntosh, B., Reed, B., Rizvi, S.A.T., Rizzo, D.M., Simpatico, T., Snapp, R., 2007. Quality of life: An approach integrating opportunities, human needs, and subjective well-being. Ecol. Econ. 61, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.02.023
Cram, F., McCreanor, T., Tuhiwai Smith, L., Nairn, R., Johnstone, W., 2006. Kaupapa MÄori Research and PÄkehÄ Social Science: Epistemological Tensions in a Study of MÄori Health. Hülili: Multidisciplinary Research on Hawaiian Well-Being 3, 41–68.
Dadvand, P., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., Esnaola, M., Forns, J., Basagaña, X., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., Rivas, I., López-Vicente, M., Pascual, M.D.C., Su, J., Jerrett, M., Querol, X., Sunyer, J., 2015. Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 7937–7942. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503402112
Ekkel, E.D., de Vries, S., 2017. Nearby green space and human health: Evaluating accessibility metrics. Landsc. Urban Plan. 157, 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.06.008
Exeter, D.J., Zhao, J., Crengle, S., Lee, A., Browne, M., 2017. The New Zealand Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD): A new suite of indicators for social and health research in Aotearoa, New Zealand. PLOS ONE 12, e0181260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181260
Finlay, J., Franke, T., McKay, H., Sims-Gould, J., 2015. Therapeutic landscapes and wellbeing in later life: Impacts of blue and green spaces for older adults. Health Place 34, 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.05.001
Gascon, M., Triguero-Mas, M., MartÃnez, D., Dadvand, P., Forns, J., Plasència, A., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., Gascon, M., Triguero-Mas, M., MartÃnez, D., Dadvand, P., Forns, J., Plasència, A., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., 2015. Mental Health Benefits of Long-Term Exposure to Residential Green and Blue Spaces: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 12, 4354–4379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120404354
Grant, S., 2017. Social enterprise in New Zealand: an overview. Soc. Enterp. J. 13, 410–426. https://doi.org/10.1108/SEJ-09-2017-0046
Guagliardo, M.F., 2004. Spatial accessibility of primary care: concepts, methods and challenges. Int. J. Health Geogr. 3, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-3-3
Guerry, A.D., Polasky, S., Lubchenco, J., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Daily, G.C., Griffin, R., Ruckelshaus, M., Bateman, I.J., Duraiappah, A., Elmqvist, T., Feldman, M.W., Folke, C., Hoekstra, J., Kareiva, P.M., Keeler, B.L., Li, S., McKenzie, E., Ouyang, Z., Reyers, B., Ricketts, T.H., Rockström, J., Tallis, H., Vira, B., 2015. Natural capital and ecosystem services informing decisions: From promise to practice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 7348–7355. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503751112
Harmthworth, G.R., Awatere, S., 2013. INDIGENOUS MĀORI KNOWLEDGE AND PERSPECTIVES OF ECOSYSTEMS, in: New Zealand – Conditions and Trends. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, pp. 274–286.
Helliwell, J.F., Putnam, R.D., 2004. The social context of well-being. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 359, 1435–1446. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1522
Hogg, D., Kingham, S., Wilson, T.M., Ardagh, M., 2016. The effects of relocation and level of affectedness on mood and anxiety symptom treatments after the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Soc. Sci. Med. 1982 152, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.025
Kenney, C., 2019. Ahi KÄ Roa, Ahi KÄ Ora ÅŒtautahi: MÄori, Recovery Trajectories and Resilience in Canterbury, New Zealand, in: James, H. (Ed.), Population, Development, and the Environment: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Asia Pacific. Springer Singapore, Singapore, pp. 375–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2101-6_22
Kingham, S., Dioniso, R., Newman, P., 2015. The right tools at the right time: Encouraging community involvement in the post-disaster reconstruction of Christchurch, New Zealand. Presented at the IGU Urban Commission Annual Conference, 9th-16th August 2015, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Kingston, R., 2007. Public Participation in Local Policy Decision-making: The Role of Web-based Mapping. Cartogr. J. 44, 138–144. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870407X213459
Langford, M., Higgs, G., 2006. Measuring Potential Access to Primary Healthcare Services: The Influence of Alternative Spatial Representations of Population. Prof. Geogr. 58, 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9272.2006.00569.x
Marans, R.W., 2015. Quality of urban life & environmental sustainability studies: Future linkage opportunities. Habitat Int., Measuring the Prosperity of Cities 45, 47–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.06.019
Marek, L., Campbell, M., Bui, L., 2017. Shaking for innovation: The (re)building of a (smart) city in a post disaster environment. Cities 63, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.013
Masser, I., 2001. Managing our urban future: the role of remote sensing and geographic information systems. Habitat Int. 25, 503–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(01)00021-2
McGrail, M.R., Humphreys, J.S., 2014. Measuring spatial accessibility to primary health care services: Utilising dynamic catchment sizes. Appl. Geogr. 54, 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.08.005
Meng, Y.L., Malczewski, J., 2015. A GIS-based multicriteria decision making approach for evaluating accessibility to public parks in Calgary, Alberta. Hum. Geogr. - J. Stud. Res. Hum. Geogr. 9, 29–41.
Ministry of Transport - Te Manatu Waka, 2016. Transport Outlook: Future state. A starting discussion on the future of transport in New Zealand. Ministry of Transport New Zealand, Wellington.
Nahapiet, J., Ghoshal, S., 1998. Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage. Acad. Manage. Rev. 23, 242–266. https://doi.org/10.2307/259373
Neutens, T., 2015. Accessibility, equity and health care: review and research directions for transport geographers. J. Transp. Geogr. 43, 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.12.006
Orchiston, C., Higham, J.E.S., 2016. Knowledge management and tourism recovery (de)marketing: the Christchurch earthquakes 2010–2011. Curr. Issues Tour. 19, 64–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.990424
Pearce, J., Witten, K., Bartie, P., 2006. Neighbourhoods and health: a GIS approach to measuring community resource accessibility. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 60, 389–395. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.043281
Polo, G., Acosta, C.M., Ferreira, F., Dias, R.A., 2015. Location-Allocation and Accessibility Models for Improving the Spatial Planning of Public Health Services. PLOS ONE 10, e0119190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119190
Saeri, A.K., Cruwys, T., Barlow, F.K., Stronge, S., Sibley, C.G., 2018. Social connectedness improves public mental health: Investigating bidirectional relationships in the New Zealand attitudes and values survey. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 52, 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417723990
Salmond, C., Crampton, P., Sutton, F., 1998. NZDep91: A New Zealand index of deprivation. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 22, 835–837. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.1998.tb01505.x
Sargisson, L., Sargent, L.T., Sargent, L.T., 2017. Living in Utopia : New Zealand’s Intentional Communities. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315250342
Schindler, M., Dionisio, R., Kingham, S., 2018. A multi-level perspective on a spatial data ecosystem: needs and challenges among urban planning stakeholders in New Zealand. International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research 13, 223–252. https://doi.org/10.2902/1725-0463.2018.13.art15
Shah, T.I., Bell, S., Wilson, K., 2016. Spatial Accessibility to Health Care Services: Identifying under-Serviced Neighbourhoods in Canadian Urban Areas. PLOS ONE 11, e0168208. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168208
Smoyerâ€Tomic, K.E., Hewko, J.N., Hodgson, M.J., 2004. Spatial accessibility and equity of playgrounds in Edmonton, Canada. Can. Geogr. Géographe Can. 48, 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-3658.2004.00061.x
Terrier, P., Reynard, F., 2015. Effect of age on the variability and stability of gait: A cross-sectional treadmill study in healthy individuals between 20 and 69 years of age. Gait Posture 41, 170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.09.024
Thompson, C.W., Aspinall, P.A., 2011. Natural Environments and their Impact on Activity, Health, and Quality of Life. Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being 3, 230–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2011.01053.x
Thornley, L., Ball, J., Signal, L., Aho, K.L.-T., Rawson, E., 2015. Building community resilience: learning from the Canterbury earthquakes. KÅtuitui N. Z. J. Soc. Sci. Online 10, 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1177083X.2014.934846
Tsou, K.-W., Hung, Y.-T., Chang, Y.-L., 2005. An accessibility-based integrated measure of relative spatial equity in urban public facilities. Cities 22, 424–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2005.07.004
Vemuri, A.W., Costanza, R., 2006. The role of human, social, built, and natural capital in explaining life satisfaction at the country level: Toward a National Well-Being Index (NWI). Ecol. Econ. 58, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.02.008
Wiki, J., Kingham, S., Campbell, M., 2018. Accessibility to food retailers and socio-economic deprivation in urban New Zealand. N. Z. Geogr. 0. https://doi.org/10.1111/nzg.12201
Wiseman, J., Brasher, K., 2008. Community wellbeing in an unwell world: trends, challenges, and possibilities. J. Public Health Policy 29, 353–366. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2008.16
Wood, A., Noy, I., Parker, M., 2016. The Canterbury rebuild five years on from the Christchurch earthquake. Reserve Bank N. Z. Bull. 79, 1–16.
Wridt, P., 2010. A Qualitative GIS Approach to Mapping Urban Neighborhoods with Children to Promote Physical Activity and Child-Friendly Community Planning. Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des. 37, 129–147. https://doi.org/10.1068/b35002
Yeo, I.-A., Yoon, S.-H., Yee, J.-J., 2013. Development of an Environment and energy Geographical Information System (E-GIS) construction model to support environmentally friendly urban planning. Appl. Energy 104, 723–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.11.053
Zhang, W., Cao, K., Liu, S., Huang, B., 2016. A multi-objective optimization approach for health-care facility location-allocation problems in highly developed cities such as Hong Kong. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 59, 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2016.07.001
Zhou, X., Kim, J., 2013. Social disparities in tree canopy and park accessibility: A case study of six cities in Illinois using GIS and remote sensing. Urban For. Urban Green. 12, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.11.004
How to Cite
Vannier, C., Campbell, M., & Kingham, S. (2020). Pathways to urban health and well-being: measuring and modelling of community services in a medium size city. Geospatial Health, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2020.808
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
