https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2025.1362
Optimizing vaccination sites for infectious diseases based on heterogeneous travel modes in multiple scenarios
Submitted: 7 November 2024
Accepted: 18 January 2025
Published: 24 March 2025
Accepted: 18 January 2025
Abstract Views: 775
PDF: 82
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Equitable spatial accessibility to vaccination sites is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of infectious disease prevention and control. While traffic modes significantly influence the evaluation of spatial accessibility to vaccination sites, most existing studies measure it separately using homogeneous or single travel modes making it challenging to comprehensively understand the overall accessibility and support spatial optimization for vaccination sites. This study proposes to optimize the spatial distribution of vaccination sites based on heterogeneous travel modes in multiple scenarios by a hybrid travel time approach. This was done by first considering heterogeneous travel modes to measure spatial accessibility to vaccination sites followed by spatial optimization using hybrid travel time to determine the optimal configuration of vaccination sites across multiple scenarios. In the study area of Xiangtan, a prefecture-level city in east-central Hunan Province, China, spatial inequality in accessibility to COVID-19 vaccination sites were identified. The public in the Yuhu and Yuetang districts benefit from easy access to vaccination sites, and spatial accessibility within these areas is also equitable. By utilizing spatial optimization under the condition that the addition of a new site would not result in a comprehensive hybrid travel time increase exceeding 0.1%, up to 21 redundant sites were detected among the original ones and when newly added sites were considered, the optimal number of the optimized sites amounted to 124. These findings provide crucial spatial information to support for enhancing the efficiency of infectious disease prevention and control.
Amritpal KK, Victoria F, Rizwan S, 2019. Spatial accessibility to primary healthcare services by multimodal means of travel: synthesis and case study in the city of Calgary. Int J Env Res Pub Health 16:170.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020170
Chen X, Jia P, 2019. A comparative analysis of accessibility measures by the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 33:1739–58.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2019.1591415
Chen Y, Tao R, Downs J, 2022. Location optimization of COVID-19 vaccination sites: Case in Hillsborough County, Florida. Int J Env Res Pub He 19:12443.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912443
Church RL, Murray A, 2009. Business site selection, location modeling and GIS. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470432761
Daskin MS, 1995. Network and discrete location: Models, algorithms, and applications. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118032343
Fei W, Linghong Y, Weigang Z, Ruihan Z, 2024. Dynamic location model for designated COVID-19 hospitals in China. Geospatial Health 19:1310.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2024.1310
Grauer J, Löwen H, Liebchen B, 2020. Strategic spatiotemporal vaccine distribution increases the survival rate in an infectious disease like COVID-19. Sci Rep-UK 10:21594.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78447-3
Guhlincozzi AR, Lotfata A, 2022. Travel distance to flu and COVID-19 vaccination sites for people with disabilities and age 65 and older, Chicago metropolitan area. J Health Res 36:859–66.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHR-03-2021-0196
Hakimi SL, 1964. Optimum location of switching centers and the absolute centers and medians of a graph. Oper Res 12:450–59.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.12.3.450
Huang L, Yang Y, Chen H, Zhang Y, Wang Z, He L. 2022. Context-aware road travel time estimation by coupled tensor decomposition based on trajectory data. Knowl-Based Syst 245:108596.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2022.108596
Huang J, Chen Y, Liu G, Tu W, Bergquist RP, Ward M, Zhang J, Xiao S, Hong J, Zhao Z, Li X, Zhang Z, 2023. Optimizing allocation of colorectal cancer screening hospitals in Shanghai: a geospatial analysis. Geospatial Health, 18:1152.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2023.1152
Lee BY, Brown ST, Korch GW, Cooley PC, Zimmerman RK, Wheaton WD, Zimmer SM, Grefenstette JJ, Bailey RR, Assi TM, 2010. A computer simulation of vaccine prioritization, allocation, and rationing during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Vaccine 28:4875–79.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.002
Lee J, Miller HJ, 2018. Measuring the impacts of new public transit services on space-time accessibility: An analysis of transit system redesign and new bus rapid transit in Columbus, Ohio, USA. Appl Geogr 93:47–63.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.02.012
Liang Y, Xie Z, Chen S, Xu Y, Xin Z, Yang S, 2023. Spatial accessibility of urban emergency shelters based on GA2SFCA and its improved method: a case study of Kunming, China. J Urban Plan Dev 149:05023013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JUPDDM.UPENG-4325
Liu CL, Yu RL, 2012. Spatial accessibility of road network in Wuhan metropolitan area based on spatial syntax. J Geogr Inf Syst 4:128–35.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2012.42017
Liu D, Kwan MP, Kan Z, Song Y, Li X, 2022. Racial/ethnic inequity in transit-based spatial accessibility to COVID-19 vaccination sites. J Racial Ethn Health 10:1533–41.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-022-01339-x
Luo W, Qi Y, 2009. An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians. Health Place 15:1100–07.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.002
McGrail MR, 2012. Spatial accessibility of primary health care utilizing the two-step floating catchment area method: An assessment of recent improvements. Int J Health Geogr 11:50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-11-50
Medlock J, Galvani AP, 2009. Optimizing influenza vaccine distribution. Science 325:1705–08.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175570
Park J, Goldberg DW, 2021. A Review of recent spatial accessibility studies that benefitted from advanced geospatial information: Multimodal transportation and spatiotemporal disaggregation. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 10:532.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080532
Pinto F, Akhavan M, 2022. Scenarios for a post-pandemic city: Urban planning strategies and challenges of making “Milan 15-minutes city.” Transp Res Procedia 60:370–77.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.12.048
Polo G, Acosta CM, Dias RA, 2013. Spatial accessibility to vaccination sites in a campaign against rabies in so Paulo city, Brazil. Prev Vet Med 111:10–6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.03.010
Qi F, Barragan D, Rodriguez MG, Lu J, 2022. Evaluating spatial accessibility to COVID-19 vaccine resources in diversely populated counties in the United States. Front Public Health 10:895538.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.895538
Sah P, Medlock J, Fitzpatrick MC, Singer BH, Galvani AP, 2018. Optimizing the impact of low-efficacy influenza vaccines. P Natl Acad Sci USA 115:5151–56.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802479115
Scroggins S, Goodson J, Afroze T, Shacham E, 2023. Spatial Optimization to improve COVID-19 vaccine allocation. Vaccines 11:64.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010064
Snyder S, Haight RG, 2016. Application of the maximal covering location problem to habitat reserve site selection: A review. Int Regional Sci Rev 39:28–47.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017614551276
Soukhov A, Páez A, Higgins CD, Mohamed M, 2023. Introducing spatial availability, a singly-constrained measure of competitive accessibility. PLoS One 18:e0278468.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278468
Tao R, Downs J, Beckie TM, Chen Y, McNelley W, 2020. Examining spatial accessibility to COVID-19 testing sites in Florida. Ann Gis 26:319–27.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2020.1833365
Tao Y, Shea K, Ferrari M, 2018. Logistical constraints lead to an intermediate optimum in outbreak response vaccination. Plos Comput Biol 14:e1006161.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006161
Wallinga J, van Boven M, Lipsitch M, 2010. Optimizing infectious disease interventions during an emerging epidemic. P Natl A Sci 107:923–28.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908491107
Wang S, Wang M, Liu Y, 2021. Access to urban parks: comparing spatial accessibility measures using three GIS-based approaches. Comput Environ Urban Syst 90:101713.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2021.101713
Wei J, Zhang W, Doherty M, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA, Lu N, Li XX, Zeng C, Lei GH, Zhang YQ, 2023. Comparative effectiveness of BNT162B2 and chAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccines against COVID-19. BMC Med 21:78.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02795-w
Xiao N, Murray AT, 2019. Spatial optimization for land acquisition problems: a review of models, solution methods, and GIS support. T Gis 23:645–71.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12545
Xiao T, Ding T, Zhang X, Tao Z, Liu Y, 2022. Spatial accessibility to sports facilities in Dongguan, China: A multi-preference gaussian two-step floating catchment area method. Appl Spat Anal Polic 15:1093–14.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-022-09436-4
Yang W, Deng M, Li C, Huang J, 2020. Spatio-temporal patterns of the 2019-ncov epidemic at the county level in Hubei province, China. Int J Env Res Pub He 17:2563–73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072563
Yang W, Wang F, You Y, Wan X, Cheng S, Fang Z, 2024. Evaluating spatial accessibility to COVID-19 vaccination sites based on fine-scale population distributions and heterogeneous travel modes: A case study in Xiangtan, China. Appl Spat Anal Polic 17:867–90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-024-09574-x
Yu B, Wang H, Shan W, Yao B, 2018. Prediction of bus travel time using random forests based on near neighbors. Comput-aided Civ Inf 33:333–50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/mice.12315
Zhou S, Zhou S, Zheng Z, Lu J, 2021. Optimizing spatial allocation of COVID-19 vaccine by agent-based spatiotemporal simulations. GeoHealth 5:e2021GH000427.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GH000427
How to Cite
Yang, W., Wang, F., You, Y., Fang, Z., Wang, X., & Mei, X. (2025). Optimizing vaccination sites for infectious diseases based on heterogeneous travel modes in multiple scenarios. Geospatial Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2025.1362
Copyright (c) 2025 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
PAGEPress has chosen to apply the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) to all manuscripts to be published.
