Space-time cluster analysis of anemia in pregnant women in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (2014-2020)

Submitted: 8 February 2023
Accepted: 2 March 2023
Published: 5 October 2023
Abstract Views: 795
PDF: 418
HTML: 15
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Authors

Anaemia is a common public-health problem affecting about two-thirds of pregnant women in developing countries. Spacetime cluster analysis of anemia cases is important for publichealth policymakers to design evidence-based intervention strategies. This study discovered the potential space-time clusters of anemia in pregnant women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan, from 2014 to 2020 using space-time scan statistic (SatScan). The results show that the most likely cluster of anemia was seen in the rural areas in the eastern part of the province covering five districts from 2017 to 2019. However, three secondary clusters in the West and one in the North were still active, signifying important targets of interest for public-health interventions. The potential anemia clusters in the province’s rural areas might be associated with the lack of nutritional education in women and lack of access to sufficient diet due to financial constraints.

Dimensions

Altmetric

PlumX Metrics

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Citations

Ali AA, Rayis DA, Abdallah TM, Elbashir MI, Adam I, 2011. Severe anaemia is associated with a higher risk for preeclampsia and poor perinatal outcomes in Kassala hospital, eastern Sudan. BMC Res Notes 4:1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-4-311
Ali SA, Khan U, Feroz AS, 2020. Prevalence and determinants of anaemia among women of reproductive age in developing countries. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 30:177-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2020.02.177
Allen LH, 2000. Anemia and iron deficiency: effects on pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 71:S1280-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1280s
Baig-Ansari N, Badruddin SH, Karmaliani R, Harris H, Jehan I, Pasha O, Moss N, McClure EM, Goldenberg RL, 2008. Anemia prevalence and risk factors in pregnant women in an urban area of Pakistan. Food Nutr Bull 29:132–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/156482650802900207
Ballesteros P, Salazar E, Sánchez D, Bolaños C, 2021. Spatial and spatiotemporal clustering of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador. Rev Fac Med 69:86476. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15446/revfacmed.v69n1.86476
Birant D, Kut A, 2007. ST-DBSCAN: An algorithm for clustering spatial–temporal data. Data Knowl Eng 60:208–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.datak.2006.01.013
BOS Khyber Pakhtunwa, 2019. Development statistics of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. https://kpbos.gov.pk/allpublication/1
da Roza DL, do Caccia-Bava MCGG Martinez EZ, 2012. Spatio-temporal patterns of tuberculosis incidence in Ribeirão Preto, State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil, and their relationship with social vulnerability: a Bayesian analysis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 45:607–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822012000500013
DHIS, 2020. District Health Information Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. https://www.dghskp.gov.pk/reports.html
Figueiredo ACMG, Gomes-Filho IS, Silva RB, Pereira PPS, Da Mata FAF, Lyrio AO, Souza ES, Cruz SS, Pereira MG, 2018. Maternal anemia and low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr 10:601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050601
Gleason JA, Ross KM, 2022. Development and Evaluation of Statewide Prospective Spatiotemporal Legionellosis Cluster Surveillance, New Jersey, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 28;625-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2803.211147
Government of Pakistan UNICEF, 2019. National Nutrition Survey 2018 - Key Findings Report.
Greene SK, Peterson ER, Balan D, Jones L, Culp GM, Fine AD, Kulldorff M, 2021. Detecting COVID-19 clusters at high spatiotemporal resolution, New York City, New York, USA, June–July 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 27:1500-1504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2705.203583
Kassa GM, Muche AA, Berhe AK, Fekadu GA, 2017. Prevalence and determinants of anemia among pregnant women in Ethiopia; a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Hematol 17:1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12878-017-0090-z
Kulldorff M, 2001. Prospective time periodic geographical disease surveillance using a scan statistic. J Roy Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 164:61–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-985X.00186
Kulldorff M, 2018. SaTScan v 9.6. https://www.satscan.org/
Kulldorff M, Athas WF, Feuer EJ, Miller BA, Key CR, 1998. Evaluating cluster alarms: A space-time scan statistic and brain cancer in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Am J Public Health 88:1377–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.9.1377
Kulldorff M, Heffernan R, Hartman J, Assuncao R, Mostashari F, 2005. A space-time permutation scan statistic for disease outbreak detection. PLoS Med 2:216–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020059
Kulldorff M, Hjalmars U, 1999. The Knox method and other tests for space‐time interaction. Biometrics 55:544–552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.1999.00544.x
Levine N, 2006. Crime mapping and the Crimestat program. Geogr Anal 38:41–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0016-7363.2005.00673.x
Liu Y, Li X, Wang W, Li Z, Hou M, He Y, Wu W, Wang H, Liang H, Guo X, 2012. Investigation of space-time clusters and geospatial hot spots for the occurrence of tuberculosis in Beijing. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16:486–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0255
Lone FW, Qureshi RN, Emmanuel F, 2004. Maternal anaemia and its impact on perinatal outcome in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J 10:801-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26719/2004.10.6.801
Shams S, Ahmad Z, Wadood A, 2017. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women of district Mardan. Pakistan. J Preg Child Health 4:1–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2376-127X.1000356
Ullah A, Sohaib M, Saeed F, Iqbal S, 2019. Prevalence of anemia and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Lahore, Pakistan. Women Health 59:660–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2018.1544966
Ullah I, Zahid M, Khan MI, Shah M, 2013. Prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in district Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Int J Biosci 3:77–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/3.11.77-83
Ullah S, Daud H, Dass SC, Fanaee TH, Kausarian H, Khalil A, 2020. Space-time clustering characteristics of tuberculosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan, 2015–2019. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:1413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041413
Ullah S, Daud H, Zainuddin N, Dass SC, Khalil A, Fanaee HT, Khan I, 2021. Space-time cluster analysis of accidental oil spills in Rivers State, Nigeria, 2011–2019. Comput Mater Contin 66:3065–3074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2021.012624
Ullah S, Nor NHM, Daud H, Zainuddin N, Gandapur MSJ, Ali I, Khalil,A. (2021). Spatial cluster analysis of COVID-19 in Malaysia (Mar-Sep, 2020). Geospatial Health 16:961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2021.961
WHO, 1992. Prevalence of anaemia in women: a tabulation of available information. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/58994
Xie Z, Yan J, 2008. Kernel density estimation of traffic accidents in a network space. Comput Environ Urban Syst 32:396–406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2008.05.001

How to Cite

Ullah, S., Burney, S. A. ., Rasheed, T., Burney, S., & Barakzia, M. A. K. (2023). Space-time cluster analysis of anemia in pregnant women in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (2014-2020). Geospatial Health, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2023.1192