@article{Suwannatrai_Suwannatrai_Haruay_Piratae_Thammasiri_Khampoosa_Kulsantiwong_Prasopdee_Tarbsripair_Suwanwerakamtorn_Sukchan_Boonmars_Malone_Kearney_Tesana_2011, title={Effect of soil surface salt on the density and distribution of the snail Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos in northeast Thailand}, volume={5}, url={https://www.geospatialhealth.net/gh/article/view/170}, DOI={10.4081/gh.2011.170}, abstractNote={<em>Opisthorchis viverrini</em> infection is associated with human cholangiocarcinoma and northeast Thailand has the highest incidence of this disease in the world. <em>Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos</em> is the major freshwater snail intermediate host of <em>O. viverrini</em> in this area and an analysis based on geographical information systems was used to determine the effect of variation in soil surface salt on the density and distribution of this snail. A malacological survey was carried out in 56 water bodies in the Khorat basin, northeast Thailand at locations with various soil surface salt levels. Mollusk samples were collected from 10 ecologically representative water body sites with 10-20 sampling stations in each. The shoreline of clear, shallow water bodies was found to be the preferred <em>B. s. goniomphalos</em> habitat. The snails were exclusively found in water with salinity levels ranging between 0.05 and 22.11 parts per thousand (ppt), which supports the notion that <em>B. s. goniomphalos</em> prefers water with some saline content over pure, freshwater. The highest snail population densities were in rice fields, ponds, road-side ditches and canals within a water salinity range of 2.5-5.0 ppt. However, the presence of <em>B. s. goniomphalos</em> was negatively correlated with water salinity (P ‰¤0.05), both with regard to density and distribution. The areas with the highest density of <em>B. s. goniomphalos</em> were those with less than 1% soil surface salt (potential index = 0.314), while the lowest densities were found in areas exceeding 50% soil surface salt (potential index = 0.015).}, number={2}, journal={Geospatial Health}, author={Suwannatrai, Apiporn and Suwannatrai, Kulwadee and Haruay, Surat and Piratae, Supawadee and Thammasiri, Chalida and Khampoosa, Panita and Kulsantiwong, Jutharat and Prasopdee, Sattrachai and Tarbsripair, Pairat and Suwanwerakamtorn, Rasamee and Sukchan, Somsak and Boonmars, Thidarut and Malone, John B. and Kearney, Michael T. and Tesana, Smarn}, year={2011}, month={May}, pages={183–190} }